Circuit Design Software
5 of the best and free PCB design software platforms available While there are a number of free programs available on the Internet, only a few are actually worth using If you Google “design software for printed circuit boards”, you’ll get close to 2 million hits.
Table of Contents. Free or Open Source Software KiCad is very easy to use and has a huge support in the open source hardware community. Features KiCad is available for different platforms like Windows, Mac and Linux. KiCad has an integrated environment for schematic entry (Eeschema) and PCB design (Pcbnew) along with some tools like 3D visualization of PCB, bill of materials and Gerber file generation (GerbView). It has tools to import components from other EDA tools such as eagle. ExpressPCB is another popular free PCB design software.
Features Here are some features of this software. Add on device drivers. Rats-nest generation from simple net lists.
Circuit Design Software Free
Drawing directly on the silk layer. Netlist window. Trace optimizer. Connectivity verification. Auto router ExpressPCB design software has two applications included: ExpressSCH, for drawing schematics and ExpressPCB, for PCB layout.
The schematic files can be easily linked with the PCB application. It is available only for Windows. DesignSpark PCB is a free software package for schematic capture and PCB layout. The software consists of schematic entry and PCB layout and the link between them is very easy. The libraries for components are aligned with RSComponents. It can be easily interfaced with other tools like LTSpice, Tina and Eagle. Even though it is free of cost, users must register with the website to unlock all features.
PCB is a free, open source and interactive PCB editor available for Windows, Linux, Mac and UNIX systems. PCB includes many professional features like 16 copper layers, auto-router, trace optimizer, DRC etc. While PCB is the printed circuit board layout tool, gEDA is the free schematic capture software. XCircuit can also be used for schematic diagrams. PCB can be interoperated with gEDA and XCircuit.
Fritzing is an open source EDA tool for Arduino prototyping and PCB design. It is created to allow artists, hobbyists and designers to create their own PCB’s so that non-engineers can also learn, teach and share electronics.
Fritzing is one of the easiest tool to produce PCB’s and the designed PCB can be manufactured with the help of FritzingFab. ZenitPCB is another excellent PCB design software tool to create professional printed circuit boards. ZenitPCB has a friendly user interface and a huge part libraries.
It It can be used for personal and hobby projects and the only restriction is it is limited to 800 pins. The software consists of two applications: ZenitCapture, for schematic designs and ZenithPCB, for PCB layout. TinyCAD is a free and open source program for schematic capture and PCB layout. It is available only for Windows systems. TinyCAD supports several standard libraries as well as custom symbol libraries. TinyCAD can also be used for one line diagrams, block diagrams and also presentation diagrams.
TinyCAD allows the users to publish the PCB layouts as image files in PNG or BMP formats for documentation. Osmond PCB is a free PCB design software for Macintosh systems. There are no restrictions and limitations imposed and boards of any size and shape can be designed. Osmond PCB supports multiple copper layers and has libraries for both through-hole and SMD parts. Small designs up to 700 pins can be designed freely and is suitable for beginners and hobbyists. For larger designs (boards with more than 700 pins), we need to purchase the license to generate and view Gerber files. PCBWeb is another good platform for PCB layout.
It is a free software with no restrictions on the copper layers, size of the board and number of components on the board. It is currently available for Windows systems and support for other platform is being planned. We cannot import files from other CAD tools at present.
The software is developed by Digi-Key. The schematic capture tool is called SchemeIt and the parts are from Digi-Key. PCB123 is developed by Sunstone circuits. It is a free and award winning PCB design software.
A schematic editor can be used to create multi-page schematics or the PCB layout can be directly designed by placing the components and the software will automatically create the schematic. PCB123 has 750,000+ predefined parts which can be used while designing. Other features include flexible importing of NETLIST, inbuilt DRC (Design Rule Check) and DFM (Design for Manufacturing), user friendly graphical user interface and real time search option to check the availability of components in the market.
PCB123 is fast and easy to use and got proven from Intel, Texas Instruments, HP, Honeywell etc. Free PCB is an open source PCB design software for Windows systems.
Even though it doesn’t have an auto-router tool, a free web based routing tool called Freerouting can be used for partial or full auto-routing. The FreePCB software can support up to 16 copper layers. Proprietary or Paid Software Altium Designer is a premium EDA software for PCB, FPGA and embedded system design. It is one of the popular PCB design package.
Altium Designer tool suite includes all aspects of product development like schematic capture, PCB design or layout, embedded software development, FPGA design etc. In a single design environment. It is available for Windows platform.
OrCAD PCB Designer is another popular PCB design software from Cadence. It is a part of OrCAD Circuit Design Suite, which also includes OrCAD Capture, OrCAD PSpice Designer etc. OrCAD PCB Designer includes various automation features for PCB design, board-level analysis and design rule checks (DRC). The routing in the PCB design can be done either manually or using the Auto-Router provided.
It is available for Windows and Linux platforms. DipTrace offers everything to create simple or complex multi-layer printed circuit boards. The DipTrace software has four modules: Schematic capture, PCB Layout editor, component & pattern editor and 3D modelling of PCB. It supports Windows, Mac and Linux. There are different versions like starter, standard and full with DipTrace full version being the ultimate edition will no restrictions. There is also a 30-day trial version available for free. EAGLE stands for Easy Applicable Graphical Layout Editor.
It is a powerful schematic capture and PCB design software package developed by CadSoft. Eagle is a fully integrated tool providing necessary features to create the simplest to complex designs. It offers user friendly yet powerful solutions for PCB design with the help of three modules: Schematic Capture, Board Layout, and Auto-router. It is available for all the major platforms like Windows, Mac and Linux.
There are both paid and free versions of Eagle available. The free version has many limitations and is suitable for hobbyists to design small circuits. Xpedition is a PCB design software from Mentor Graphics. It is generally used in FPGA designs. The software comprises of six PCB design tasks: Design creation, Simulation, PCB Layout, Design Collaboration, Library Management and Design for manufacturing.
Auto TRAX Design Express (DEX) is a powerful PCB design software for electronic engineers developed by DEX2020. It is an integrated EDA tool that has tools like schematic capture, PCB design physical layout, built in SPICE simulator, 3D board visualization etc. TINA Design Suite is an integrated circuit simulator for analog, digital and mixed signals and PCB design.
TINA is available for Windows, Linux and Mac and there is a cloud based online version which can be accessed using any web browser. The integrated PCB design software has all the features needed for advanced PCB design like multilayer PCB’s, auto-placement, auto-routing, 3D view of the PCB design, Gerber file output and many more. Proteus is another paid tool.This available for different platforms like windows,MAC,linux. Features. Schematic Capture module. PCB Layout module. Hardware Accelerated Display Technology.
Global Shape Based Autorouting. External Autorouter Interface. 3D Board Visualisation Web-based Software.
Upverter is another web-based EDA tool for PCB layout. The tool is an integration of schematic capture, PCB layout and design review. The free version of the software allows up to two projects per registered user with certain restrictions and the professional paid version allows unlimited projects with all the feature unlocked. Circuit Maker is a web-based schematic entry and PCB design software. It is developed Altium and is free for the open source hardware community. There are no limitations on the copper layers and board size. It can be used by students, hobbyists, designers and even professionals for commercial or non-commercial purposes.
The designs can be shared in the open source community. EasyEDA is also an Free and great circuit drawing software and should be added into the list. EasyEDA offers schematic capture, spice simulation and PCB design – including Gerber download – for free. Try it at It can run on on windows, mac, linux or android platform, as long as there is one browser on the OS and connecting to network.
It can import Schematics and PCB Files form Eagle, Altium Designer, Kicad, LTspice. It provides SVG source to preview Schematic, PCB Layout and Gerber file It provides rich spice models to make simulation. It provides easy PCB order which saves your time to make sample PCB.
Every project you create on EasyEDA can be private, shared, or public.private, shared, or public.
Free Game Apps For Laptops
. Top PC Games And PC Apps Free Download For PC Windows.All Free PC Apps and PC Games are downloadable for Windows 7,Windows 8,Windows 10 and Windows xp.Download and play these top free PC Games,Laptop Games,Desktop Games and Windows Games.Our games or apps are licensed Full Version for PC.FreePCAPP.com is one of the best places on the Web to play new PC/Laptop games or apps for free in 2017!To download these games,software or apps,you need to download the best android emulator:XePlayer first. XePlayer provides an easy way to download and install Android apps and games for your Windows PC.Download and Play for Fun!
Play the best free Apps on. Then log in to see your favorited games here! Don't have an account yet? Get lost in a crazy world of video game shenanigans.
We wanted to find the best PC games from the Microsoft Store that are free to download and play. In this article we rounded up a list of free games that you can get in their full versions for Windows 10.
However, do keep in mind that some of these games also include paid features, that can enhance your gaming experience if you make in-app purchases. We tried to cover a wide range of genres, suited to different types of players and preferences, from racing games, to puzzles, games for children, and simulators. Let's get started.
Minecraft: Story Mode - A Telltale Games Series It is almost impossible to not have heard about Minecraft yet. Minecraft: Story Mode builds upon the original Minecraft game and adds a story to it. There are eight episodes in total, but only a few are free. It starts with introducing the characters and then jumps right into the story. We are not going to spoil it for you, but we would like to tell you that it is great. Although it looks like it is created only for children, there is also a lot of humor in the game, which can satisfy anyone, regardless of age.
Minecraft: Story Mode Download: 2. Asphalt 9: Legends Asphalt 9: Legends is one of the most popular racing games in the Microsoft Store, and it encompasses all the constant developments of the Gameloft franchise. The game greets you with a long list of real cars made by manufacturers such as Ferrari, Porsche or Lamborghini, Asphalt 9: Legends features over 70 different racing tracks in various real-world locations from America to the Himalayas, so it is hard to get bored. You can play in Career mode and complete over 60 seasons and 800 races, or you can play against up to 7 players in real time, in the World Series Multiplayer mode. Asphalt 9: Legends offers a smooth arcade racing experience with accurate controls, and manages to keep you glued to the screen for quite some time. In-app purchases are, of course, available and that is OK.
However, the ads can become a little bit annoying after a while. World of Tanks Blitz Download: 4. Fallout Shelter Fallout Shelter is a free game that makes you the head strategist of an underground Vault. You must build the best Vault there is, make your people happy by giving them the right jobs, the right clothes, weapons and training, all to protect them from the Wasteland.
There are a lot of decisions to make and that makes this game fun and engaging. What will you choose to do: provide clean water, enough food, or save credits for building more living space? You can also make some in-game purchases with real money, but Bethesda (the developer) is very discreet about it, without bothering you or slowing your progress through the game if you do not play. That is great! Fallout Shelter Download: 5.
Roblox Roblox is a free game that you can get from the Microsoft Store and play on your Windows 10 devices. You can also find it on mobile platforms like Android and iOS. The game requires you to register an account and then create an avatar.
Roblox is especially popular with children, as it lets players create their own 'games inside the game.' In the game, you can also create all kinds of gear such as building tools, weapons, transportation items, musical instruments, and many others. Although at first, the game can feel overwhelming, over time you will learn that everything is simpler than it first seems. Note that you can also spend real money in Roblox, which are converted in Robux virtual currency. With this in-game money, you can buy upgrades and also accessories for your avatar. Roblox Download: 6.
Forza Motorsport 6: Apex Forza Motorsport 6: Apex is a free-to-play game with beautiful visuals, in which you can race against all kinds of great cars, including muscle cars, GT cars, track toys, prototypes and hypercars. There are six tracks inspired from real-world tracks, and the races are going through day and night. The game uses DirectX and has some rather high system requirements, but the visual quality of the game justifies that. You can even play in 4K resolution.
The free version of the game is excellent but it lets you want more and, to get access to everything, you must buy the premium version. Fortunately, that does not cost as much as other similar titles.
Dead Rivals - Zombie MMO Download: 9. Disney Magic Kingdoms: Build Your Own Magical Park Disney Magic Kingdoms is a game mainly for children that puts you in charge of building the best magical park ever.
The characters in the game are those created by Disney animations, ranging from Mickey Mouse to Rapunzel, to Tinker Bell and so on. The game is cheerfully colored and the visuals look great, so children will probably love it. However, if you are parent, take note that there are also in-game purchases available and they range from $1.99 to $99.99, so make sure you are the only one who can approve the money spending. If Windows 10 breaks and nothing seems to work well anymore, you might be tempted to contemplate reinstalling it from scratch. However, that would mean that you must go through a rather elaborate process to save your files and then to reinstall Windows 10. Fortunately, you do not have to do so, because Windows 10 gives you the option to reset it to its initial state and keep your personal files in the process. The advantage is that it is a lot faster than formatting your system partition and installing Windows 10 from scratch.
Resetting can also improve the performance of your Windows 10. Even though the 802.11ax wireless standard, also known as Wi-Fi 6 is not yet finalized, we already see wireless routers with support for it being launched. The first consumer 802.11ax wireless router comes from ASUS.
Its name is ASUS RT-AX88U, and this router is a beast, regarding size, hardware, and features. If you want to know what the first AX wireless router has to offer, read our review for ASUS RT-AX88U: ASUS RT-AX88U: Who is it good for? ASUS RT-AX88U is a great choice for the following types of users: DC-SHOP.
Microsoft Surface Arc Mouse is a beautiful Bluetooth device, that looks like a mix between the Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse SE, and Microsoft Touch Mouse (We loved using Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse SE, and we disliked the Microsoft Touch Mouse). You can imagine that we were curious to test it and see if it is new 'hybrid' is a good choice for laptop and tablet users. Read this review and see whether Microsoft's Surface Arc Mouse is a good fit for your needs: Microsoft Surface Arc Mouse: Who is it good for? Microsoft Surface Arc Mouse is a suitable choice for. TP-Link is famous for its affordably priced home networking products.
Games Apps Laptop Download
They manufacture not only wireless routers but also mesh WiFi systems. Their top-selling product in this niche is Deco M5, which now has a new v2 variant, which brings several quality-of-life improvements compared to the first model. We very much enjoyed testing TP-Link Deco M5 v1, and we were curious to see whether v2 is an even better model. Read this review and find out whether TP-Link Deco M5 is a great choice for your smart home.
Database Design Study Guide True False
Sep 4, 2016 - Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) exam: MOS EXAM. Multiple Choice, testing students on concepts learned in the lesson. Design the database so that it accommodates all your data-processing and reporting needs. Read and Download Database Design Study Guide True False Free Ebooks in PDF format - BOW TIE ANALYSIS AIR GUITAR BOOK AMAZON BOOK BODY LANGUAGE ALGEBRA 2 2017.
When a person learns about hypothesis testing, they are often confronted with the two errors – false positive and false negative, or type I error and type II error. There is no point in telling you I was not a big fan of them, either. To me, the two errors sounded like the most useless piece of knowledge. However, throughout the years, I had a change of heart.
Now, I have reached the point, where I sound like a professor, encouraging her students to distinguish between the two errors even before they have done their first research project. Here is a link to an explainer video that will help you. We hope it makes things clearer.
However, the purpose of this article is not to define or distinguish between the two errors. The explainer video does that well enough. This article is about comparing the two errors in different settings and showing their practical implication.
A quick recap. Type I error is when you reject a true null hypothesis. It is also called. Type II error is when you accept a false null hypothesis, a.k.a a false negative. Which error is more serious? When I was learning, I read in several places that type I error is the more serious one. I still think this is correct, but not to a full 100%.
It all depends on the way you structure the study. I have always followed the statistical principle to form my null hypothesis in a way that makes me try to reject it. For example, let’s say I want to see if this article is going to perform better than the average of the other articles we have posted. My null hypothesis will be: the number of reads of this article is less or equal to the average number of reads of similar articles we have posted. If I reject the null hypothesis, this means one of two things. 1. This article performed above average 2. I have made a type I error.
I rejected a null hypothesis that was true. My test showed that I performed above average, but in fact, I did not.
I got a false positive. Let’s say we are in the second case and I got a false positive.
What are the implications? I am led to believe that this article was a successful one, so I take on the challenge of writing several similar articles.
But because the original article was bad in the first place, I will soon find out that nobody is reading the blog. Devastating for my self-esteem and career. What about the type II error – the false negative? The false negative would occur when my test shows that this article is not even mediocre, when it is actually a masterpiece (compared to our other articles, of course). If that’s the case, being the people that we are, we will take remedial action and drop this type of articles altogether.
This is not necessarily a bad thing. As we don’t want to go out of business, we will try to come up with much better ideas. Therefore, the false negative would probably lead to more motivation and innovation. Let’s compare the two cases. The false positive leads to an inefficient and boring blog, while the false negative could bring up motivation and innovation. If you make a comparison between false positive and false negative, it is obvious the false positive is much, much worse.
Now, a crucial consideration is the design of the study. I CHOSE the null hypothesis in a specific way. Had I swapped the null and alternative hypotheses, the errors would have been swapped, too. Let me show you. New null hypothesis: the number of reads of this article is more than the average number of reads of similar articles I’ve written.
In a false positive situation, I would reject a null hypothesis that is true. So, the test would show that my masterpiece is actually mediocre or worse.
Remember this phrase? That was the false negative from the previous example. What this shows is that the two errors are interchangeable. Therefore, it is all about the design of your study. That was an interesting piece of trivia.
Nobody ever thought of that (NOT). How is that useful? Well, we know we cannot avoid both errors at the same time. Usually, when you mitigate one, the chance of committing the other increases. This is a weakness, but also a strength. You can mitigate one of them.
What did I tell you earlier? If you swap the hypotheses, you are swapping the two errors as well. Therefore, you can design your experiment in a way that helps you avoid the bigger problem. Example time., one of the frequent you will be asked is “Provide examples of situations when a false positive is more important than a false negative”, and vice versa. (author’s note: if you would like to receive our free career guide allowing you to expore some of the opportunities in the field of data science, you can use the ) Let’s see how you can answer this question and win over the interviewer. Pregnancy test. False positive and false negative: The pregnancy test example The question you are asking when you are taking a pregnancy test is: am I pregnant?
The null hypothesis is: I am not pregnant. False positive in this situation is a positive pregnancy test when you are not pregnant. The false negative would be when you are pregnant but the test shows you aren’t. Which one is the bigger problem? Well, it really depends on whether you want to have a child at the moment or not. If you want a child, the false positive will make you very happy but for a very short time – until you realize it was an error.
Conversely, a false negative will make you unhappy until a month later, when you become certain you are going to have a baby. Both cases are undesirable, but I personally would prefer the false negative error.
There are a number of medical reasons to get a false positive, but false negatives appear only due to faulty execution of the test. On the other hand, if you don’t want a child, false positive would be a preferable error. You certainly don’t want to be pregnant without knowing it. To sum up, there is no ‘better error’ in this situation. Depending on the situation, you can prefer one or the other.
Pregnancy tests minimize the false negative. Statistically speaking, this increases the power of the test. There are a number of medical reasons to get a false positive, but false negatives appear only due to faulty execution of the test. AIDS test False positive and false negative: Important issues in criminal justice example A patient goes to the hospital to take an HIV test. The null hypothesis is: the patient doesn’t have the HIV virus. A false positive would be when the patient gets a result saying she has HIV, although she doesn’t. This has the capacity to be devastating for her and her relationships with others.
But at some point, after starting the treatment, the doctors will find out that she doesn’t really have the virus and all will be well again. A false negative, on the other hand, would mean that the patient has HIV, but the test showed negative results. It is unlikely that this patient would repeat the test anytime soon, and the probability of passing the virus to other people is significant.
Clearly, the false negative here is the much bigger problem. Both for the person and for society. Many doctors call AIDS results reactive, rather than positive, because of false positives. Before a patient is definitively said to be HIV positive, there are a series of tests carried out. It is not all based on a single blood sample. Presumption of innocence One of the big questions in criminal justice used to be whether the suspect should be guilty, unless she proves she is innocent, or innocent, unless somebody else proves that she is guilty. The current state of affairs is: innocent, unless proven guilty.
This comes from the Latin ‘Ei incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat; cum per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit’, which translates to: “The proof lies upon him who affirms, not upon him who denies; since, by the nature of things, he who denies a fact cannot produce any proof.”. Statistically speaking, the null hypothesis is: the suspect is innocent.
The alternative hypothesis is: the suspect is guilty. This makes sense, right? Now let’s think about the statistical errors. A false positive in this case is someone who is found guilty when, in fact, innocent. And the false negative is when someone is found innocent when, in fact, guilty. As a result, judges would not even open most criminal cases, because they would have to put too many innocent people in jail. Proving that someone is guilty is not easy, but proving that someone is innocent is much, much harder.
Without getting much into the details of history, the norm became that the false positive is the bigger problem. In other words, we should not put innocent people behind bars. The rationale is that protecting one innocent person, in exchange of 5 guilty people walking away, is still worth it. Until recently Mexico was using the ‘guilty unless proven innocent’ system. As a result, judges would not even open most criminal cases, because they would have to put too many innocent people in jail. Since 2008, Mexico’s criminal justice system has been transitioning to ‘innocent, unless proven guilty’.
Breath alcohol test False positive and false negative: The alcohol checks We hate it when the police stop us for an alcohol check. But, what are the false positive and false negative issues there? A false positive would be a breath alcohol test that shows you’ve had more drinks than the acceptable limit when you haven’t. A false negative shows you are below the limit when you aren’t.
I’ve heard of both false positive and false negative results because breath alcohol sampling has many issues. Therefore, in some countries, after a positive test, the law allows you to request a blood or urine sample to prove you are innocent (if you are, that is). What’s interesting for us, however, is which error is worse. We have a clear winner. Due to the safety net of the blood and urine samples, the false negative is the bigger problem, if not the only problem. You definitely don’t want to acquit drunk drivers as they impose a threat to society.
Someone losing a couple of hours due to a false positive is a low price to pay for mitigating the false negative. The law allows you to request a blood or urine sample to prove you are innocent (if you are, that is). Common alcohol levels at which people are considered legally impaired for driving range from 0.00% to 0.08%. The most common benchmarks around the world are 0.00%, also known as the zero tolerance, and 0.05%. The limit is the highest in the Cayman Islands, standing at 0.1%. But before driving drunk there, keep in mind that the local police really do enforce the laws with frequent checks.
SPAM False positive and false negative: Looking at your spam folder Finally, I want to touch upon false positive and false negative in SPAM. You’ve probably seen websites that tell you: ‘Please, check your SPAM folder. The email that we just sent you may get there’. Email providers are increasingly using to confirm if an email is SPAM. This is a very interesting process, which deserves a separate article. Here, however, we will talk about misplaced emails.
I was truly stunned some weeks ago when I sent an email to my sister and her email provider marked it as SPAM. The only explanation I have is that I used my personal Yahoo mailbox to email my sister’s company email address.
So, let’s see the null hypothesis of a SPAM test. Null hypothesis: this email is SPAM. If you reject the null hypothesis, the email goes through. Otherwise, it is marked as SPAM and goes to the Junk box. The false positive in this case is a SPAM email that doesn’t get filtered. In my case, however, the algorithm had accepted the null hypothesis when it was false, thus making a type II error, or a false negative.
What are the implications? Well, people are so crazy about SPAM these days, that there is ever-evolving protection from SPAM. But this leads to omission of important correspondence, such as my private conversations with my sister. Recently bots adopted a strategy where they pretend to be attractive females and focus on male users as their victims. So, which problem is worse?
Getting a couple of SPAM emails every now and then, but keeping all your personal and business correspondence intact, or getting no SPAM, but creating tension in your personal or business life? Again, it depends on your personal preferences. If I have to compare the false positive and false negative in the case, I would say the false negative is the bigger problem here. Above 95% of the friend requests you send on Facebook are accepted, as you usually reach out to people you know. This is not true for SPAM accounts and this is one of the ways Facebook detects them. However, recently bots adopted a strategy where they pretend to be attractive females and focus on male users as their victims.
Because male users, on average, accept these friend invitations, it takes much longer to detect the bots. These are some common situations when you have false positive and false negative. Which error is the bigger pain in the neck depends on the study design, and, in some of the situations, on your personal preferences And don’t worry, if you don’t want to change your personal preferences, you can always change your hypothesis test. Bear that in mind the next time you are testing.
Thanks for staying with us until the end of this article! We are really happy that you did. Another topic that could be of interest to you is the. Go ahead and take a look at our article using the link provided here.
Nan Wagoner (1917-06-01).
Choosing Between Objective and Subjective Test Items There are two general categories of test items: (1) objective items which require students to select the correct response from several alternatives or to supply a word or short phrase to answer a question or complete a statement; and (2) subjective or essay items which permit the student to organize and present an original answer. Objective items include multiple-choice, true-false, matching and completion, while subjective items include short-answer essay, extended-response essay, problem solving and performance test items. For some instructional purposes one or the other item types may prove more efficient and appropriate. To begin out discussion of the relative merits of each type of test item, test your knowledge of these two item types by answering the following questions. Test Item Quiz (circle the correct answer) 1. Essay exams are easier to construct than are objective exams. Essay exams require more thorough student preparation and study time than objective exams.
Essay exams require writing skills where objective exams do not. Essay exams teach a person how to write. Essay exams are more subjective in nature than are objective exams. Objective exams encourage guessing more so than essay exams.
Essay exams limit the extent of content covered. Essay and objective exams can be used to measure the same content or ability.
Essay and objective exams are both good ways to evaluate a student's level of knowledge. Quiz Answers 1.
TRUE Essay items are generally easier and less time consuming to construct than are most objective test items. Technically correct and content appropriate multiple-choice and true-false test items require an extensive amount of time to write and revise. For example, a professional item writer produces only 9-10 good multiple-choice items in a day's time.
According to research findings it is still undetermined whether or not essay tests require or facilitate more thorough (or even different) student study preparation. TRUE Writing skills do affect a student's ability to communicate the correct 'factual' information through an essay response. Consequently, students with good writing skills have an advantage over students who have difficulty expressing themselves through writing. FALSE Essays do not teach a student how to write but they can emphasize the importance of being able to communicate through writing.
Constant use of essay tests may encourage the knowledgeable but poor writing student to improve his/her writing ability in order to improve performance. TRUE Essays are more subjective in nature due to their susceptibility to scoring influences. Different readers can rate identical responses differently, the same reader can rate the same paper differently over time, the handwriting, neatness or punctuation can unintentionally affect a paper's grade and the lack of anonymity can affect the grading process. While impossible to eliminate, scoring influences or biases can be minimized through procedures discussed later in this booklet. Both item types encourage some form of guessing. Multiple-choice, true-false and matching items can be correctly answered through blind guessing, yet essay items can be responded to satisfactorily through well written bluffing. TRUE Due to the extent of time required by the student to respond to an essay question, only a few essay questions can be included on a classroom exam.
Consequently, a larger number of objective items can be tested in the same amount of time, thus enabling the test to cover more content. TRUE Both item types can measure similar content or learning objectives. Research has shown that students respond almost identically to essay and objective test items covering the same content.
Studies1 by Sax & Collet (1968) and Paterson (1926) conducted forty-two years apart reached the same conclusion: '.there seems to be no escape from the conclusions that the two types of exams are measuring identical things.' (Paterson, p.
246) This conclusion should not be surprising; after all, a well written essay item requires that the student (1) have a store of knowledge, (2) be able to relate facts and principles, and (3) be able to organize such information into a coherent and logical written expression, whereas an objective test item requires that the student (1) have a store of knowledge, (2) be able to relate facts and principles, and (3) be able to organize such information into a coherent and logical choice among several alternatives. TRUE Both objective and essay test items are good devices for measuring student achievement.
However, as seen in the previous quiz answers, there are particular measurement situations where one item type is more appropriate than the other. Following is a set of recommendations for using either objective or essay test items: (Adapted from Robert L. Ebel, Essentials of Educational Measurement, 1972, p. 1Gilbert Sax and LeVerne S.
Collet, 'An Empirical Comparison of the Effects of Recall and Multiple-Choice Tests on Student Achievement,' Journal of Educational Measurement, vol. 5 (1968), 169-73. Paterson, 'Do New and Old Type Examinations Measure Different Mental Functions?'
School and Society, vol. (August 21, 1926), 246-48. When to Use Essay or Objective Tests Essay tests are especially appropriate when:.
the group to be tested is small and the test is not to be reused. you wish to encourage and reward the development of student skill in writing. you are more interested in exploring the student's attitudes than in measuring his/her achievement. you are more confident of your ability as a critical and fair reader than as an imaginative writer of good objective test items. Objective tests are especially appropriate when:. the group to be tested is large and the test may be reused.
highly reliable test scores must be obtained as efficiently as possible. impartiality of evaluation, absolute fairness, and freedom from possible test scoring influences (e.g., fatigue, lack of anonymity) are essential. you are more confident of your ability to express objective test items clearly than of your ability to judge essay test answers correctly. there is more pressure for speedy reporting of scores than for speedy test preparation. Either essay or objective tests can be used to:. measure almost any important educational achievement a written test can measure.
test understanding and ability to apply principles. test ability to think critically. test ability to solve problems. test ability to select relevant facts and principles and to integrate them toward the solution of complex problems. In addition to the preceding suggestions, it is important to realize that certain item types are better suited than others for measuring particular learning objectives. For example, learning objectives requiring the student to demonstrate or to show, may be better measured by performance test items, whereas objectives requiring the student to explain or to describe may be better measured by essay test items. The matching of learning objective expectations with certain item types can help you select an appropriate kind of test item for your classroom exam as well as provide a higher degree of test validity (i.e., testing what is supposed to be tested).
To further illustrate, several sample learning objectives and appropriate test items are provided on the following page. Learning Objectives Most Suitable Test Item The student will be able to categorize and name the parts of the human skeletal system. Objective Test Item (M-C, T-F, Matching) The student will be able to critique and appraise another student's English composition on the basis of its organization.
Essay Test Item (Extended-Response) The student will demonstrate safe laboratory skills. Performance Test Item The student will be able to cite four examples of satire that Twain uses in Huckleberry Finn. Essay Test Item (Short-Answer) After you have decided to use either an objective, essay or both objective and essay exam, the next step is to select the kind(s) of objective or essay item that you wish to include on the exam. To help you make such a choice, the different kinds of objective and essay items are presented in the following section of this booklet.
The various kinds of items are briefly described and compared to one another in terms of their advantages and limitations for use. Also presented is a set of general suggestions for the construction of each item variation. Melting of wax.correct response Advantages In Using Multiple-Choice Items Multiple-choice items can provide. versatility in measuring all levels of cognitive ability. highly reliable test scores.
scoring efficiency and accuracy. objective measurement of student achievement or ability. a wide sampling of content or objectives.
a reduced guessing factor when compared to true-false items. different response alternatives which can provide diagnostic feedback. Limitations In Using Multiple-Choice Items Multiple-choice items.
are difficult and time consuming to construct. lead an instructor to favor simple recall of facts. place a high degree of dependence on the student's reading ability and instructor's writing ability. Suggestions For Writing Multiple-Choice Test Items The Stem 1.
When possible, state the stem as a direct question rather than as an incomplete statement. Undesirable: Alloys are ordinarily produced. Desirable: How are allows ordinarily produced? Present a definite, explicit and singular question or problem in the stem. Undesirable: Psychology.
Desirable: The science of mind and behavior is called. Eliminate excessive verbiage or irrelevant information from the stem.
Undesirable: While ironing her formal, Jane burned her hand accidently on the hot iron. This was due to a transfer of heat be. Desirable: Which of the following ways of heat transfer explains why Jane's hand was burned after she touched a hot iron?
Include in the stem any word(s) that might otherwise be repeated in each alternative. Undesirable: In national elections in the United States the President is officially a. Chosen by the people. Chosen by members of Congress.
Chosen by the House of Representatives. Chosen by the Electoral College. Desirable: In national elections in the United States the President is officially chosen by a. Members of Congress. The House of Representatives. The Electoral college. Use negatively stated stems sparingly.
When used, underline and/or capitalize the negative word. Undesirable: Which of the following is not cited as an accomplishment of the Kennedy administration? Desirable: Which of the following is NOT cited as an accomplishment of the Kennedy administration? Item Alternatives 6. Make all alternatives plausible and attractive to the less knowledgeable or skillful student. What process is most nearly the opposite of photosynthesis?
Undesirable Desirable a. Relaxation b. Assimilation.c.
Respiration.c. Respiration d. Catabolism 7. Make the alternatives grammatically parallel with each other, and consistent with the stem. Undesirable: What would do most to advance the application of atomic discoveries to medicine? Standardized techniques for treatment of patients.
Train the average doctor to apply radioactive treatments. Remove the restriction on the use of radioactive substances. Establishing hospitals staffed by highly trained radioactive therapy specialists. Desirable: What would do most to advance the application of atomic discoveries to medicine? Development of standardized techniques for treatment of patients. Training of the average doctor in application of radioactive treatments.
Removal of restriction on the use of radioactive substances. Addition of trained radioactive therapy specialists to hospital staffs.
Make the alternatives mutually exclusive. Undesirable: The daily minimum required amount of milk that a 10 year old child should drink is a. At least 4 glasses. Desirable: What is the daily minimum required amount of milk a 10 year old child should drink? When possible, present alternatives in some logical order (e.g., chronological, most to least, alphabetical). Two trucks leave a diner and travel north. One truck averages 42 miles per hour and the other truck averages 38 miles per hour.
At what time will they be 24 miles apart? Undesirable Desirable a. Be sure there is only one correct or best response to the item.
Undesirable: The two most desired characteristics in a classroom test are validity and a. Desirable: The two most desired characteristics in a classroom test are validity and a. Make alternatives approximately equal in length. Undesirable: The most general cause of low individual incomes in the United States is.a. Lack of valuable productive services to sell. Unwillingness to work. Desirable: What is the most general cause of low individual incomes in the United States?
A lack of valuable productive services to sell. The population's overall unwillingness to work. The nation's increased reliance on automation. An increasing national level of inflation. Avoid irrelevant clues such as grammatical structure, well known verbal associations or connections between stem and answer.
Undesirable:(grammatical clue) A chain of islands is called an:.a. Undesirable: (verbal association clue) The reliability of a test can be estimated by a coefficient of: a. Undesirable: (connection between stem and answer clue) The heightto which a water dam is built depends on a. The length of the reservCTE behind the dam. The volume of water behind the dam.
The heightof water behind the dam. The strength of the reinforcing wall. Use at least four alternatives for each item to lower the probability of getting the item correct by guessing. Randomly distribute the correct response among the alternative positions throughout the test having approximately the same proportion of alternatives a, b, c, d and e as the correct response. Use the alternatives 'none of the above' and 'all of the above' sparingly. When used, such alternatives should occasionally be used as the correct response.
True-False Test Items A true-false item can be written in one of three forms: simple, complex, or compound. Answers can consist of only two choices (simple), more than two choices (complex), or two choices plus a conditional completion response (compound). An example of each type of true-false item follows: Sample True-False Item: Simple The acquisition of morality is a developmental process. True False Sample True-False Item: Complex The acquisition of morality is a developmental process. True False Opinion Sample True-False Item: Compound The acquisition of morality is a developmental process. If this statement is false, what makes it false? True False Advantages In Using True-False Items True-False items can provide.
the widest sampling of content or objectives per unit of testing time. scoring efficiency and accuracy. versatility in measuring all levels of cognitive ability. highly reliable test scores. an objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
Limitations In Using True-False Items True-false items. incorporate an extremely high guessing factor.
For simple true-false items, each student has a 50/50 chance of correctly answering the item without any knowledge of the item's content. can often lead an instructor to write ambiguous statements due to the difficulty of writing statements which are unequivocally true or false. do not discriminate between students of varying ability as well as other item types. can often include more irrelevant clues than do other item types. can often lead an instructor to favor testing of trivial knowledge. Suggestions For Writing True-False Test Items 1.
Base true-false items upon statements that are absolutely true or false, without qualifications or exceptions. Undesirable: Nearsightedness is hereditary in origin. Desirable: Geneticists and eye specialists believe that the predisposition to nearsightedness is hereditary. Express the item statement as simply and as clearly as possible. Undesirable: When you see a highway with a marker that reads, 'Interstate 80' you know that the construction and upkeep of that road is built and maintained by the state and federal government.
Desirable: The construction and maintenance of interstate highways is provided by both state and federal governments. Express a single idea in each test item. Undesirable: Water will boil at a higher temperature if the atmospheric pressure on its surface is increased and more heat is applied to the container. Desirable: Water will boil at a higher temperature if the atmospheric pressure on its surface is increased.
And/or Water will boil at a higher temperature if more heat is applied to the container. Include enough background information and qualifications so that the ability to respond correctly to the item does not depend on some special, uncommon knowledge. Undesirable: The second principle of education is that the individual gathers knowledge. Desirable: According to John Dewey, the second principle of education is that the individual gathers knowledge.
Avoid lifting statements from the text, lecture or other materials so that memory alone will not permit a correct answer. Undesirable: For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. Desirable: If you were to stand in a canoe and throw a life jacket forward to another canoe, chances are your canoe would jerk backward. Avoid using negatively stated item statements. Undesirable: The Supreme Court is not composed of nine justices.
Desirable: The Supreme is composed of nine justices. Avoid the use of unfamiliar vocabulary. Undesirable: According to some politicians, the raison d'etre for capital punishment is retribution. Desirable: According to some politicians, justification for the existence of capital punishment is retribution.
Avoid the use of specific determiners which would permit a test-wise but unprepared examinee to respond correctly. Specific determiners refer to sweeping terms like 'all,' 'always,' 'none,' 'never,' 'impossible,' 'inevitable,' etc. Statements including such terms are likely to be false. On the other hand, statements using qualifying determiners such as 'usually,' 'sometimes,' 'often,' etc., are likely to be true.
When statements do require the use of specific determiners, make sure they appear in both true and false items. Undesirable: All sessions of Congress are called by the President.(F) The Supreme Court is frequentlyrequired to rule on the constitutionality of a law.
(T) An objective test is generallyeasier to score than an essay test. (T) Desirable: (When specific determiners are used reverse the expected outcomes.) The sum of the angles of a triangle is always1800. (T) Each molecule of a given compound is chemically the same as everyother molecule of that compound. (T) The galvanometer is the instrument usuallyused for the metering of electrical energy used in a home. False items tend to discriminate more highly than true items.
Therefore, use more false items than true items (but no more than 15% additional false items). Matching Test Items In general, matching items consist of a column of stimuli presented on the left side of the exam page and a column of responses placed on the right side of the page. Students are required to match the response associated with a given stimulus. For example, Sample Matching Test Item Directions: On the line to the left of each factual statement, write the letter of the principle which bests explains the statement's occurrence. Each principle may be used more than once.
Factual Statements Principles 1. Fossils of primates first appear in the Cenozoic rock strata, while trilobite remains are found in the Proterozoic rocks. The Arctic and Antarctic regions are sparsely populated. Plants have no nervous system. Large coal beds exist in Alaska. There have been profound changes in the climate on earth. Coordination and integration of action is generally slower in plants than in animals.
There is an increasing complexity of structure and functions from lower to higher forms of life. All life comes from life and produces its own kind of living organisms. Light is a limiting factor to life. Advantages In Using Matching Items Matching items. require short periods of reading and response time, allowing you to cover more content. provide objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
provide highly reliable test scores. provide scoring efficiency and accuracy. Limitations In Using Matching Items Matching items. have difficulty measuring learning objectives requiring more than simple recall of information.
Body By Design Study Guide
are difficult to construct due to the problem of selecting a common set of stimuli and responses. Suggestions For Writing Matching Test Items 1. Include directions which clearly state the basis for matching the stimuli with the responses. Explain whether or not a response can be used more than once and indicate where to write the answer.
Undesirable: Directions: Match the following. Desirable: Directions: On the line to the left of each identifying location and characteristics in Column I, write the letter of the country in Column II that is best defined. Each country in Column II may be used more than once. Use only homogeneous material in matching items.
Undesirable: Directions: Match the following. Discovered Radium B. Year of the 1st Nuclear Fission by Man D. Ammonia E. Curie Desirable: Directions: On the line to the left of each compound in Column I, write the letter of the compound's formula presented in Column II. Use each formula only once. Column I Column II 1.
Ammonia C. Sulfuric Acid D. Arrange the list of responses in some systematic order if possible (e.g., chronological, alphabetical). Directions: On the line to the left of each definition in Column I, write the letter of the defense mechanism in Column II that is described. Use each defense mechanism only once. Undesirable Desirable Column I Column II 1. Hunting for reasons to support one's beliefs.
Rationalization a. Denial of reality 2. Accepting the values and norms of others as one's own even when they are contrary to previously held values. Identification b. Identification 3. Attributing to others one's own unacceptable impulses, thoughts and desires. Projection c.
Introjection 4. Ignoring disagreeable situations, topics, sights. Introjection d. Projection e. Denial of Reality e. Rationalization Avoid grammatical or other clues to the correct response. Undesirable: Directions: Match the following in order to complete the sentences on the left.
Igneous rocks are formed A. A hardness of 7. The formation of coal requires B. With crystalline rock.
A geode is filled C. A metamorphic rock.
Feldspar is classified as D. Heat and pressure. Through the solid-ification of molten lava. Desirable: Avoid sentence completion due to grammatical clues. Keep matching items brief, limiting the list of stimuli to under 10. Include more responses than stimuli to help prevent answering through the process of elimination. When possible, reduce the amount of reading time by including only short phrases or single words in the response list.
Completion Test Items The completion item requires the student to answer a question or to finish an incomplete statement by filling in a blank with the correct word or phrase. For example, Sample Completion Item According to Freud, personality is made up of three major systems, the , the and the. Advantages In Using Completion Items Completion items. can provide a wide sampling of content.
can efficiently measure lower levels of cognitive ability. can minimize guessing as compared to multiple-choice or true-false items. can usually provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability.
Limitations In Using Completion Items Completion items. are difficult to construct so that the desired response is clearly indicated. have difficulty measuring learning objectives requiring more than simple recall of information. can often include more irrelevant clues than do other item types.
are more time consuming to score when compared to multiple-choice or true-false items. are more difficult to score since more than one answer may have to be considered correct if the item was not properly prepared. Suggestions For Writing Completion Test Items 1.
Omit only significant words from the statement. Undesirable: Every atom has a central (core)called a nucleus. Desirable: Every atom has a central core called a(n) (nucleus). Do not omit so many words from the statement that the intended meaning is lost. Undesirable: The were to Egypt as thewere to Persia and as were to the early tribes of Israel. Desirable: The Pharaohs were to Egypt as thewere to Persia and as were to the early tribes of Israel. Avoid grammatical or other clues to the correct response.
Undesirable: Most of the United States' libraries are organized according to the (Dewey)decimal system. Desirable: Which organizational system is used by most of the United States' libraries? (Dewey decimal) 4. Be sure there is only onecorrect response. Undesirable: Trees which shed their leaves annually are seed-bearing, common). Desirable: Trees which shed their leaves annually are called (deciduous). Make the blanks of equal length.
Undesirable: In Greek mythology, Vulcan was the son of (Jupiter)and (Juno). Desirable: In Greek mythology, Vulcan was the son of (Jupiter)and (Juno).
When possible, delete words at the end of the statement after the student has been presented a clearly defined problem. Undesirable: (122.5)is the molecular weight of KClO3. Desirable: The molecular weight of KClO3 is (122.5).
Avoid lifting statements directly from the text, lecture or other sources. Limit the required response to a single word or phrase. Essay Test Items The essay test is probably the most popular of all types of teacher-made tests. In general, a classroom essay test consists of a small number of questions to which the student is expected to demonstrate his/her ability to (a) recall factual knowledge, (b) organize this knowledge and (c) present the knowledge in a logical, integrated answer to the question.
An essay test item can be classified as either an extended-response essay item or a short-answer essay item. The latter calls for a more restricted or limited answer in terms of form or scope. An example of each type of essay item follows. Sample Extended-Response Essay Item Explain the difference between the S-R (Stimulus-Response) and the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) theories of personality. Include in your answer (a) brief descriptions of both theories, (b) supporters of both theories and (c) research methods used to study each of the two theories.
20 minutes) Sample Short-Answer Essay Item Identify research methods used to study the S-R (Stimulus-Response) and S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) theories of personality. 10 minutes) Advantages In Using Essay Items Essay items.
are easier and less time consuming to construct than are most other item types. provide a means for testing student's ability to compose an answer and present it in a logical manner.
can efficiently measure higher order cognitive objectives (e.g., analysis, synthesis, evaluation). Limitations In Using Essay Items Essay items. cannot measure a large amount of content or objectives. generally provide low test and test scorer reliability. require an extensive amount of instructor's time to read and grade.
generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the grader). Suggestions For Writing Essay Test Items 1. Prepare essay items that elicit the type of behavior you want to measure. Learning Objective: The student will be able to explain how the normal curve serves as a statistical model. Undesirable: Describe a normal curve in terms of: symmetry, modality, kurtosis and skewness. Desirable: Briefly explain how the normal curve serves as a statistical model for estimation and hypothesis testing.
Phrase each item so that the student's task is clearly indicated. Undesirable: Discuss the economic factors which led to the stock market crash of 1929.
Desirable: Identify the three major economic conditions which led to the stock market crash of 1929. Discuss briefly each condition in correct chronological sequence and in one paragraph indicate how the three factors were inter-related. Indicate for each item a point value or weight and an estimated time limit for answering. Undesirable: Compare the writings of Bret Harte and Mark Twain in terms of settings, depth of characterization, and dialogue styles of their main characters. Desirable: Compare the writings of Bret Harte and Mark Twain in terms of settings, depth of characterization, and dialogue styles of their main characters. (10 points 20 minutes) 4.
Ask questions that will elicit responses on which experts could agree that one answer is better than another. Avoid giving the student a choice among optional items as this greatly reduces the reliability of the test. It is generally recommended for classroom examinations to administer several short-answer items rather than only one or two extended-response items. Suggestions For Scoring Essay Items 1. Choose a scoring model. Two of the more common scoring models are ANALYTICAL SCORING and GLOBAL QUALITY.
ANALYTICAL SCORING: Each answer is compared to an ideal answer and points are assigned for the inclusion of necessary elements. Grades are based on the number of accumulated points either absolutely (i.e., A=10 or more points, B=6-9 pts., etc.) or relatively (A=top 15% scores, B=next 30% of scores, etc.) GLOBAL QUALITY: Each answer is read and assigned a score (e.g., grade, total points) based either on the total quality of the response or on the total quality of the response relative to other student answers. Examples Essay Item and Grading Models 'Americans are a mixed-up people with no sense of ethical values. Everyone knows that baseball is far less necessary than food and steel, yet they pay ball players a lot more than farmers and steelworkers.' Use 3-4 sentences to indicate how an economist would explain the above situation. Analytical Scoring Necessary Elements to be Included in Response Points Salaries are based on demand relative to supply of such services. 3 Excellent ball players are rare.
2 Ball clubs have a high demand for excellent players. 2 Clarity of Response 2 9 pts. Global Quality Assign scores or grades on the overall quality of the written response as compared to an ideal answer. Or, compare the overall quality of a response to other student responses by sorting the papers into three stacks: Below Average Average Above Average Read and sort each stack again devide into three more stacks Below Average Average Above Average / / / Below Avg. Above Below Avg.
Above Below Avg. In total, nine discriminations can be used to assign test grades in this manner. The number of stacks or discriminations can vary to meet your needs. Try notto allow factors which are irrelevant to the learning outcomes being measured affect your grading (i.e., handwriting, spelling, neatness). Read and grade all class answers to one item before going on to the next item. Read and grade the answers without looking at the students' names to avoid possible preferential treatment.
Occasionally shuffle papers during the reading of answers to help avoid any systematic order effects (i.e., Sally's 'B' work always followed Jim's 'A: work thus it looked more like 'C' work). When possible, ask another instructor to read and grade your students' responses. Problem Solving Test Items Another form of a subjective test item is the problem solving or computational exam question. Such items present the student with a problem situation or task and require a demonstration of work procedures and a correct solution, or just a correct solution. This kind of test item is classified as a subjective type of item due to the procedures used to score item responses.
Instructors can assign full or partial credit to either correct or incorrect solutions depending on the quality and kind of work procedures presented. An example of a problem solving test item follows. Example Problem Solving Test Item It was calculated that 75 men could complete a strip on a new highway in 70 days.
When work was scheduled to commence, it was found necessary to send 25 men on another road project. How many days longer will it take to complete the strip? Show your work for full or partial credit. Advantages In Using Problem Solving Items Problem solving items. minimize guessing by requiring the students to provide an original response rather than to select from several alternatives. are easier to construct than are mu ltiple-choice or matching items.
can most appropriately measure learning objectives which focus on the ability to apply skills or knowledge in the solution of problems. can measure an extensive amount of content or objectives. Limitations In Using Problem Solving Items Problem solving items.
generally provide low test and test scorer reliability. require an extensive amount of instructor time to read and grade. generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the grader when partial credit is given). Suggestions For Writing Problem Solving Test Items 1. Clearly identify and explain the problem.
Undesirable: During a car crash, the car slows down at the rate of 490 m/sec2. What is the magnitude and direction of the force acting on a 100-kg driver? Desirable: During a car crash, the car slows down at the rate of 490 m/sec2. Using the car as a frame of reference, what is the magnitude and direction of the gram force acting on a 100-kg driver? Provide directions which clearly inform the student of the type of response called for. Undesirable: An American tourist in Paris finds that he weighs 70 kilograms. When he left the United States he weighed 144 pounds.
What was his net change in weight? Desirable: An American tourist in Paris finds that he weighs 70 kilograms. When he left the United States he weighed 144 pounds. What was his net weight change in pounds?
State in the directions whether or not the student must show his/her work procedures for full or partial credit. Undesirable: A double concave lens is made of glass with n = 1.50. If the radii of curvature of the two lens surfaces are both 30.0 cm, what is the focal length of the lens? Desirable: A double concave lens is made of glass with n = 1.50. If the radii of curvature of the two lens surfaces are both 30.0 cm, what is the focal length of the lens? Show your work to receive full or partial credit.
Clearly separate item parts and indicate their point values. A man leaves his home and drives to a convention at an average rate of 50 miles per hour. Upon arrival, he finds a telegram advising him to return at once. He catches a plane that takes him back at an average rate of 300 miles per hour. Undesirable: If the total traveling time was 1 3/4 hours, how long did it take him to fly back?
How far from his home was the convention? Desirable: If the total traveling time was 1 3/4 hours: (1) How long did it take him to fly back? (1 pt.) (2) How far from his home was the convention? (1 pt.) Show your work for full or partial credit. Use figures, conditions and situations which create a realistic problem. Undesirable: An automobile weighing 2,840 N (about 640 pounds) is traveling at a speed of 300 miles per hour. What is the car's kinetic energy?
Show your work. (2 pts.) Desirable: An automobile weighing 14,200 N (about 3200 pounds) is traveling at a speed of 12m/sec.
What is the car's kinetic energy? Show your work. Ask questions that elicit responses on which experts could agree that one solution and one or more work procedures are better than others.
Work through each problem before classroom administration to double-check accuracy. Performance Test Items A performance test item is designed to assess the ability of a student to perform correctly in a simulated situation (i.e., a situation in which the student will be ultimately expected to apply his/her learning). The concept of simulation is central in performance testing; a performance test will simulate to some degree a real life situation to accomplish the assessment. In theory, a performance test could be constructed for any skill and real life situation. In practice, most performance tests have been developed for the assessment of vocational, managerial, administrative, leadership, communication, interpersonal and physical education skills in various simulated situations. An illustrative example of a performance test item is provided below. Sample Performance Test Item Assume that some of the instructional objectives of an urban planning course include the development of the student's ability to effectively use the principles covered in the course in various 'real life' situations common for an urban planning professional.
A performance test item could measure this development by presenting the student with a specific situation which represents a 'real life' situation. For example, An urban planning board makes a last minute request for the professional to act as consultant and critique a written proposal which is to be considered in a board meeting that very evening. The professional arrives before the meeting and has one hour to analyze the written proposal and prepare his critique. The critique presentation is then made verbally during the board meeting; reactions of members of the board or the audience include requests for explanation of specific points or informed attacks on the positions taken by the professional. The performance test designed to simulate this situation would require that the student to be tested role play the professional's part, while students or faculty act the other roles in the situation. Various aspects of the 'professional's' performance would than be observed and rated by several judges with the necessary background.
The ratings could then be used both to provide the student with a diagnosis of his/her strengths and weaknesses and to contribute to an overall summary evaluation of the student's abilities. Advantages In Using Performance Test Items Performance test items. can most appropriately measure learning objectives which focus on the ability of the students to apply skills or knowledge in real life situations.
usually provide a degree of test validity not possible with standard paper and pencil test items. are useful for measuring learning objectives in the psychomotor domain.
Limitations In Using Performance Test Items Performance test items. are difficulty and time consuming to construct. are primarily used for testing students individually and not for testing groups. Consequently, they are relatively costly, time consuming, and inconvenient forms of testing. generally provide low test and test scorer reliability. generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the observer/grader). Suggestions For Writing Performance Test Items.
Prepare items that elicit the type of behavior you want to measure. Clearly identify and explain the simulated situation to the student. Make the simulated situation as 'life-like' as possible.
Provide directions which clearly inform the students of the type of response called for. When appropriate, clearly state time and activity limitations in the directions. Adequately train the observer(s)/scorer(s) to ensure that they are fair in scoring the appropriate behaviors. TWO METHODS FOR ASSESSING TEST ITEM QUALITY This section of the booklet presents two methods for collecting feedback on the quality of your test items. The two methods include using self-review checklists and student evaluation of test item quality.
You can use the information gathered from either method to identify strengths and weaknesses in your item writing. CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING TEST ITEMS EVALUATE YOUR TEST ITEMS BY CHECKING THE SUGGESTIONS WHICH YOU FEEL YOU HAVE FOLLOWED. Multiple-Choice Test Items When possible, stated the stem as a direct question rather than as an incomplete statement. Presented a definite, explicit and singular question or problem in the stem. Eliminated excessive verbiage or irrelevant information from the stem.
Included in the stem any word(s) that might have otherwise been repeated in each alternative. Used negatively stated stems sparingly. When used, underlined and/or capitalized the negative word(s). Made all alternatives plausible and attractive to the less knowledgeable or skillful student. Made the alternatives grammatically parallel with each other, and consistent with the stem. Made the alternatives mutually exclusive. When possible, presented alternatives in some logical order (e.g., chronologically, most to least).
Made sure there was only one correct or best response per item. Made alternatives approximately equal in length. Avoided irrelevant clues such as grammatical structure, well known verbal associations or connections between stem and answer. Used at least four alternatives for each item.
Randomly distributed the correct response among the alternative positions throughout the test having approximately the same proportion of alternatives a, b, c, d, and e as the correct response. Used the alternatives 'none of the above' and 'all of the above' sparingly.
When used, such alternatives were occasionally the correct response. True-False Test Items Based true-false items upon statements that are absolutely true or false, without qualifications or exceptions. Expressed the item statement as simply and as clearly as possible. Expressed a single idea in each test item.
Included enough background information and qualifications so that the ability to respond correctly did not depend on some special, uncommon knowledge. Avoided lifting statements from the text, lecture or other materials. Avoided using negatively stated item statements. Avoided the use of unfamiliar language. Avoided the use of specific determiners such as 'all,' 'always,' 'none,' 'never,' etc., and qualifying determiners such as 'usually,' 'sometimes,' 'often,' etc. Used more false items than true items (but not more than 15% additional false items).
Matching Test Items Included directions which clearly stated the basis for matching the stimuli with the response. Explained whether or not a response could be used more than once and indicated where to write the answer. Used only homogeneous material. When possible, arranged the list of responses in some systematic order (e.g., chronologically, alphabetically).
Avoided grammatical or other clues to the correct response. Kept items brief (limited the list of stimuli to under 10). Included more responses than stimuli. When possible, reduced the amount of reading time by including only short phrases or single words in the response list. Completion Test Items Omitted only significant words from the statement. Did not omit so many words from the statement that the intended meaning was lost.
Avoided grammatical or other clues to the correct response. Included only one correct response per item. Made the blanks of equal length. When possible, deleted the words at the end of the statement after the student was presented with a clearly defined problem. Avoided lifting statements directly from the text, lecture or other sources.
Limited the required response to a single word or phrase. Essay Test Items Prepared items that elicited the type of behavior you wanted to measure. Phrased each item so that the student's task was clearly indicated. Indicated for each item a point value or weight and an estimated time limit for answering. Asked questions that elicited responses on which experts could agree that one answer is better than others. Avoided giving the student a choice among optional items.
Administered several short-answer items rather than 1 or 2 extended-response items. Grading Essay Test Items Selected an appropriate grading model.
Tried not to allow factors which were irrelevant to the learning outcomes being measured to affect your grading (e.g., handwriting, spelling, neatness). Read and graded all class answers to one item before going on to the next item. Read and graded the answers without looking at the student's name to avoid possible preferential treatment.
Occasionally shuffled papers during the reading of answers. When possible, asked another instructor to read and grade your students' responses.
Problem Solving Test Items Clearly identified and explained the problem to the student. Provided directions which clearly informed the student of the type of response called for. Stated in the directions whether or not the student must show work procedures for full or partial credit. Clearly separated item parts and indicated their point values. Used figures, conditions and situations which created a realistic problem. Asked questions that elicited responses on which experts could agree that one solution and one or more work procedures are better than others. Worked through each problem before classroom administration.
Performance Test Items Prepared items that elicit the type of behavior you wanted to measure. Clearly identified and explained the simulated situation to the student. Made the simulated situation as 'life-like' as possible. Provided directions which clearly inform the students of the type of response called for.
When appropriate, clearly stated time and activity limitations in the directions. Adequately trained the observer(s)/scorer(s) to ensure that they were fair in scoring the appropriate behaviors. STUDENT EVALUATION OF TEST ITEM QUALITY USING ICES QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS TO ASSESS YOUR TEST ITEM QUALITY The following set of ICES (Instructor and Course Evaluation System) questionnaire items can be used to assess the quality of your test items.
The items are presented with their original ICES catalogue number. You are encouraged to include one or more of the items on the ICES evaluation form in order to collect student opinion of your item writing quality.
ASSISTANCE OFFERED BY THE Center for Innovation in Teaching and Learning (CITL) The information in the booklet is intended for self-instruction. However, CITL staff members will consult with faculty who wish to analyze and improve their test item writing. The staff can also consult with faculty about other instructional problems. The Measurement and Evaluation Division of CITL also publishes a semi-annual newsletter called Measurement and Evaluation Q & A which discusses various classroom testing and measurement issues. Instructors wishing to receive the newsletter or to acquire CITL assistance can call the Measurement and Evaluation Division at 333-3490.
102-How would you rate the instructor's examination questions? 116-Did the exams challenge you to do original thinking?
Excellent Poor Yes, very challenging No, not challenging 103-How well did examination questions reflect content and emphasis of the course? 118-Were there 'trick' or trite questions on tests? Well related Poorlyrelated Lots ofthem Few if any 114-The exams reflected important points in the reading assignments. 122-How difficult were the examinations? Strongly agree Stronglydisagree Toodifficult Too easy 117-Examinations mainly testedtrivia. 123-I found I could score reasonably well on exams by just cramming.
Strongly agree Stronglydisagree Stronglyagree Strongly disagree 119-Were exam questions worded clearly? 121-How was the length of exams for the time allotted.
Yes, veryclear No, very unclear Too long Too short 115-Were the instructor's testquestions thought provoking? 109-Were exams, papers, reports returned with errors explained or personal comments? YesDefinitely Definitelyno Almost always Almost never 125-Were exams adequately discussed upon return? Yes,adequately No, not enough V.
REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING Ebel, Robert L. Measuring educational achievement. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965, Chapters 4-6. Ebel, Robert L.
Essentials of educational measurement. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972, Chapters 5-8. Measurement and evaluation in teaching. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1976, Chapters 6-9. & Lehmann, I.
Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1973, Chapters 7-10. Measurement and evaluation in the classroom. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1970, Chapters 5-8. Measurement and Evaluation Division, 247 Armory Building.
Especially useful for science instruction. Payne, David A. The assessment of learning. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1974, Chapters 4-7.
Testing and measurement in the classroom. New York: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1975, Chapters 4-6. Thorndike, R. Educational measurement (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1971, Chapter 9 (Performance testing) and Chapter 10 (Essay exams).
Kawasaki Kv175 Service Manual
Check the factory service manual for recommendations on oil volume. That to the spec listed in your Kawasaki service manual. Lf the springs are too short,.
Complete service repair workshop manual for the: Kawasaki KE175 KE 175 This is the same manual motorcycle dealerships use to repair your bike. Manual covers all the topics like: Engine Service, General Information, Transmission, Chassis, Lighting, Steering, Seats System, Clutch, Suspension, Locks, Brakes, Lubrication, Electrical, Frame Fuel System, Battery, etc.
1983 Kawasaki KE175D5. 1982 Kawasaki KE175D4. 1981 Kawasaki KE175D3. 1980 Kawasaki KE175D2. 1979 Kawasaki KE175D1. 1978 Kawasaki KE175B3. 1977 Kawasaki KE175B2.
1976 Kawasaki KE175B1 PDF Manual. Instant Download. $14.99 Kawasaki KE175 Manual $19.99 Suzuki KE 175 Manual $24.00 OEM Parts & Online Schematics Diagram.FREE.
Dan's Motorcycle 'Shop Manuals' ONLINE PARTS & SHOP MANUALS ¶ In my surfing over the web I have run across a number of sites which have parts and/or shop manuals. Here is a list.
I do not host most of these, they are just links to other web sites. If you find a web site with parts or shop manuals on it let me know so I can list it here for everyone. I usually don't remove any links, once I put them up. I have had some dead links become active again after being gone for as much as a year. If you hit a dead link, try it again in a minute, hour, day or so, sometimes even a week or two or more.
Or, if you hit a dead link, right click and then click 'Copy Shortcut'. Now paste it into the 'Wayback Machine'. It may be achived there.
If you find something you like, download it as fast as you can. DO NOT think it will be there waiting for you tomorrow.
It might not last another hour. Service Manuals links come and go like the wind. Some of these are in Adobe Acrobat. To save these PDF files, right click on them then left click on 'Save Target As.' You will need to get the Free Adobe Reader to read them.
You can get it Here is a FREE PDF Viewer/Printer that works great and is Much smaller than Adobe's Sumatra. Another PDF Viewer that works good and is portable.
Kawasaki Kv175 Service Manual Pdf
Lastly, if you steal all my work here, as some have done, it is OK. But at least give me a link back. 'What goes around comes around.' Major Brands include Caterpillar, and Detroit. Scooter Shop and Parts Manuals.
Find out what scooter you have. Henderson De Luxe Parts List in PDF. Parts book.
Owners Manual. Parts books in PDF. Shop Manuals and LOTS of Info on this Two-Wheel Drive Motorcycle.
Info on Magnetos and Generators used on Indian Motorcycles. Parts from Victory. Parts from Indian. Owners Manual and Parts Book for the 250cc 'Twingle'. Owners Manual. Service Manuals, Parts Manuals, Owners Manuals. Owners Manual.
Service Manuals, Owners Manuals, Parts Manuals. Lots of stuff from as early as 1915.
Spec's on the Goldie. M20 Maintenance Manual.
Lots of Service Manuals and Parts Books on BSA, Triumph and Lucas Electrics. Lots of Good Stuff!. Service sheets in PDF and some Lucas stuff.
Grab them while you can! Lots of help files in PDF format on carbs, electrics, magnetos, and stuff. Lots of Manuals. British Only Tech Library. Golden Flash Instruction Manual. Service Manual. Info, Specs, and Pics.
Also some stuff on Villiers Engines. Prestwich Engine I.D.
Service Manuals and Parts Books on Norton Twins. Service Sheets PDF. You will have to copy and paste this URL (www.eurooldtimers.com/functions/getfilemanualy.php?id=3506) into a new browser window to get it to download.
Commando Shop Manual PDF. Commander Shop Manual PDF, lots of other Commander stuff. S7 & S8 parts Manual & other stuff. PDF Parts Manuals. Service Manuals, Parts manuals and tech stuff for old Triumphs.
Scroll to bottom of page on lefthand side for manuals. Info on the flat twin. Specs, wiring diag. Velocette Specs! V-Twin Parts Manual in MicroSoft Excel format. Look up Villiers engine numbers.
Parts, Specs, and Tech Stuff China. Owners Manuals in PDF.
Parts Manuals in XLS. Parts Manuals.
Lots of PDF files. Service Manual. Shop Manual. Lots of General Chinese Service Manuals. Information on the Chinese/Russian/BMW. Service and Parts Manuals. Czechoslovakia.
Parts cataloge in Czech. Service Manual in Czech. Service Manual in Czech. Very nice site for Jawa and CZ riders. Many Wiring diagrams and parts books. Exploded engine view.
Parts Book in Czech. Denmark.
Parts Book, Wiring Diagrams in PDF. Maintinance Manuals in.PDF, all in French. Some Tech stuff. Older BMW Parts Manuals, Service Bulletins, Tools, Pictures. 750cc Twin Owners Manual. Lots of Good Tech Articles But, lots of bad links too.
Lots of Good Tech Articles But, lots of bad links too. Lots of Good Tech Articles But, lots of bad links too. Tech Articles on CD & DVD also other stuff.
All free too. Parts book for the old WW2 BMW. 650, 850, 1000, 1100, 1150cc Shop Manuals in various languages.
Lots of Repair Manuals. Shop Manuals, Parts Manuals, Lots of good stuff about the Father of the modern 2/stroke. Parts Book. Owners manual for the 1953 model.
Service Manual Free Download
Shop Manual, Tech Stuff. Parts of a shop manual in PDF.
Parts Book. Lots of Parts Books. Owners Manual in German. Owners Manual in German. Parts Book in German. Shop Manual in German of a flat twin.
Shop Manual, Parts Manual, Owners Manual. Shop Manual, Parts Manual, Owners Manual.
Shop Manual for this 250cc bike with an unusual cam drive. Manual and Parts List in German.
A lot of Sachs Engine stuff but, it is in German. Parts Manual,. Parts Book. R153 Bella Parts Book.
Just some Specs on a rare old Motorcycle. Tech Info on an old British bike still being made in India. Use and Maintenance Manuals. Shop Manuals for late model (2004-6) motorcycles in Italiano, Inglese, Tedesco, Francese, and Spagnolo! Workshop Manual.
Parts Manual. Ducati Owners Manual.
Ducati Parts Book. Dragster Service Manual. Lots of Dell'orto carb pictures. Parts Book.
Owners, Service Manual. 1968 Scrambler Service Manual. Parts Book. Owners Service Manual. Parts Manual.
Workshop Manual. 1975 Owners Manual. 1975-76 Parts Book. 1975-77 Workshop Manual. Parts Manual. Parts Manual. Owners Maintenance, Service Manual.
Workshop Manual. Supplemental manual to the workshop manual. Owners Manual. Parts Manual. Workshop Manual. Parts Manual.
Shop Manual Suppliment. Parts Manual. Parts Manual. Owner's Maual. Parts Manual.
Parts Manual. Workshop Manual. Parts Manual. Workshop Manual.
Lots of Shop Manuals. Motorcycle Parts Diagrams.
Moto Morini wiring Diagrams and some other stuff. 150, 175 Service Manual. Set up your Bosh Transistor Ignition in PDF.
Service Manuals, Owners Manuals. Shop Manual, Parts Manuals. 850cc Parts Book. California 1000 - 1100 Shop Manual. Workshop manual. WorkShop Manual.
Parts Manuals. Lots of Tech Stuff.
Exploded views, Specs, and Pictures. Engine Parts Diagrams. Parts Manual.
Lots of Service Manuals in PDF form. Lots of owners Manuals in PDF form. Lots of wiring Diagrams. Shop manuals.
Race Manuals. Lots of Service Manuals, Parts Manuals, For Italian motorcycles, all in Italian. All in Italian. Small Italian Bike Wiring Diagrams.
Service Manual PDF. Parts Books and Service Manuals.
Exploded parts views. Find out the year of that bike. Parts Book for the old Honda 160cc Twin. Shop Manual for the 1961-1967 250 & 305cc twins.
Owners Manual for the 305 Dream Twin. Parts Book for the old Honda 305cc Twin. PDF Shop manuals, Go there and click on 'Manuals' at the left of your screen.
Motorcycle and car manuals and parts books. LOTS of them.
Same web site as above only a different page with more Honda manuals. Service manual. Service manual 1988-90.
Factory Shop Manual. Factory Shop Manual. Owner's Manual. 20021994 Parts. Parts in PDF format from a site that is no longer with us. It was called the 'Honda CB400F Page'. For the time being I am hosting this PDF file!
Service Manual. Parts Book for the 1972 Honda 350cc Four. Shop Manuals for older 350-750 fours. Owners Manual. Owners Manuals in Italian.
Parts Manuals in English and Spanish. Service Manuals in English and Italian. 1992-96 Shop Manual.
1978-80 Shop Manual PDF. Service Manual PDF. Service Manual.
It's Big-143 Meg. Service Manual. 2002 Parts Book. Owners, Parts, Shop Manuals for 50cc-1000cc Hondas. Service Manual, Parts Manuals big, big download (125 Megs).
Service Manual. 1977 Service Manual. 2013 Factory Service Manual. RC51 Factory Service Manual, Parts Manual.
Service Manual and Parts Manuals. Lots of Service Manuals. Parts & Service Manuals for a number of old Hondas. Lots of Parts Books, Service, and Owners Manuals for older Hondas. CB750, CB500, CB350-750, Honda Service manuals. Overhaul PDF.
90-100cc Parts Manual, some service stuff. 1973 Shop manual. Users manual.
Specifications of several Kawasaki Motorcycles and Suzuki Letter-Model year. B1-B4 1976-79 Shop manuals. For the Manuals scroll down about 3/4 of the page. I sure have a big problem with his method of locking the crank to tighten the flywheel nut. There is not a lot of clearence between the stators and the flywheel. Service Manual.
PDF Shop manual. Maintenance Manual. Three Cylinder Shop Manual. Service Bulletins and H2 Parts.
H,A,&S Service Manuals. Service Manual. Service Manuals, Parts Manuals. Service Manual.
Sercice Manual. 2006 Service Manual. 1981 Service Manual PDF.
Service Manual. Parts Book PDF file. PDF Shop Manual. Shop Manual for the Japanese BMW. Parts Manual for the Japanese BMW. Wiring Diagrams. These are all locked PDF files.
So you can't print them out. Even if you can't print it out, you can still look at it anytime you want. Shop, Parts, and Owners Manuals for the 650 twin. Parts book, Owners Manual and info on Yamaha's Triple. Owners Manual for the V-Max.
This one goes off and on line a lot. If it's not there, try again in a day or a week! PDF 1999 Service Manual. Right click and 'Save Target As.' Lots of wiring diagrams for the XJs.
Shop and Parts manuals for this Yamaha single. Service Manual.
General specs & pictures. Specs on Yamaha's 600cc single. 1978-79 Specifications. Rebuild Manual.
1979 Parts Manual. 2008 PDF Shop manual. PDF Shop manual. Service Manuals and other stuff. Parts Books and Service Stuff.
Owners Manual. Parts Book. Service Bulletins. Shop Manuals and Parts Books.
1991 Shop Manual.Service, Owners, Parts Manuals (Click SuperMoto). 1985 500cc Race Bike's Parts Book. Service Manual. Shop manual in PDF. Parts book in PDF. Owners manual in PDF.
Service Manuals. Go there, look to the left and click on Seven-Eleven, look at the center of page and scroll down to 'FastCat's Technical Suzuki Library' and click on it. Shop manual in PDF.
Parts, Service books in PDF. Service Manual PDF. 1986-90 Service Manual PDF. Big-234 Meg! Service Manual PDF.
Service Manuals Russia. A Shop Manual in English and PDF format. Owners Manual for the Russian BMW. You can buy these bikes, right now, brand new! Parts Manual for the Russian BMW. Lots of Shop Manuals and other stuff in German. Rebuild the Ural.
Model List. Metralla MKII Shop Manual in Spanish. Parts Book, Specs. Years and Model #s. Montesa Cota 123/250 Shop Manual. 5 speed Manual.
Model List. Owners manual 1971 Stiletto, Pioneer, T.T.
The new Bultaco.some service stuff.neat looking Trials Bike. Service, Owners, Parts Manuals Sweden. Owners Manuals in PDF. Lots of Repair Manuals. Old Service Bulletins. Yugoslavia. Shop and Parts Manuals, in Dutch, Swedish, and English.
Parts Books in PDF, Tech stuff. Online Motorcycle Parts Books Cut and paste the URLs below. I have not dealt with any of these businesses. They just have parts diagrams.
'BMW R, K & F Parts Books from 1970 on. 'Classic Parts Books. Exploded parts views and part numbers for a lot of older bikes and new ones too. From the Netherlands. 'Motorcycle Parts Diagrams. BMW, Honda, Sea-Doo, Bombardier, Kawasaki, Suzuki, Ducati, KTM, Triumph, Harley-Davidson, Polaris, Yamaha. 'Suzuki Parts.
Suzuki parts diagrams going back to 1965. 'Parts Books. Lots of late model parts Micro-Fiche on line. Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, Suzuki ATVs, Polaris ATVs. ATV 3 or 4-Wheeler. Barossa/SMC, Can-Am, Honda, Kawasaki, Linhai, Polaris, Suzuki, Yamaha. PDF Shop manual.
Lots of Service Manuals. Service and Parts Books. Snowmobiles.
Shop Manuals, Carburetor Manuals, and Other Good Stuff. Shop and Parts Manuals. 1999 and older Snowmobiles. Personal Water Craft. Service Manuals. Super Small Engines.
Instruction Manuals. Fractional Horspower Engines. Owners Manuals and Parts Manuals. Vanguard Single shop Manual.
Tecumseh Service Manuals. 'Castell Pridd Museum Of Power' No motorcycle manuals but lots of old engine manuals in PDF.
Not free any longer but quite cheap and, if you need one, you might not find it anywhere else. Owners Manuals in PDF. Parts Books, Service Manuals-Click 'Enter as Guest'. Must have Internet Explorer Web Browser to use. Service Manuals, Use and Maintinance Manuals. Maintinance, Parts, Overhaul Books.
Lots of Lawn Mowers, Chain Saw, Owners Manuals, Parts Books. Toro Master PartsViewer- Loads slow if you're on dial-up! Owners Manuals, Shop Manuals, Parts Manuals in PDF. PDF Service Manuals, Parts Books, Owners Manuals. Click on Publications in the upper right hand corner.
Enter your model number and it's yours! PDF Owners Manuals. PDF Parts Books. Onan Manuals and Bulletins & some GMC motorhome stuff in PDF. Small engine parts & service manuals. PDF Owners Manuals and Parts Books. Old Mercury Wiring Diagrams.
Owners Manuals. Lots of online parts books for outboards. Parts books for Tohatsu outboards. Owners manuals for Tohatsu outboards. Lots of different old car manuals. Shop Manuals for old Chevrolets.No longer with us but if you dig at this link you may find what you need. Free US Government Manuals.
Not Motorcycle, but interesting! Sach Engined, Three Wheeled Car, Shop and Parts Manuals. Unclassified.
Lots of different shop and parts Manuals. Lots of Service, Parts, and Owners Manuals.
Only one problem. I could not download any PDF from them that was bigger then 20 Megabytes. Strange, but you can still get a lot of under 20 Meg PDFs. Lots of different owners manuals and some shop and parts Manuals. Amazing number of different shop and parts Manuals.
Site is in Rumanian, Hungarian, and English. Lots and Lots and lots of Shop and Parts Manuals. Even late Model ones. From our Comrades in Russia! From Bombardier Recreational Products. Lots and lots of Moped Shop Manuals and Owners Manuals. General Motorcycle spcifications for a lot of diferent bikes.
Manuals and a reprint of a very good motorcycle book from the 1920s. Shop, Owners and Parts Manuals. Lots of tech stuff and wiring for older Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki, Kawasaki, Moto-Guzzi, Norton, Triumph, Harley-Davidson.
Parts Manuals. If you like Mopeds here is a lot of information about them. Repair and other stuff. Service Manuals, Parts Manuals, Owners manuals. Service Manuals, Parts Manuals, Owners manuals, Literature. Lots of Scooter Service Manuals, Literature.
Instillation Instructions. Lots of various makes. More Scooter Manuals! Free software to re-program your ECU fuel injection.
Esxi 6.5 Keygen Torrent
VMware vSphere 6.5 9 torrent download locations thepiratebay.se VMware vSphere 6.5 Applications Other OS 1 hour monova.org VMware vSphere 6.5 Other 19 hours idope.se VMware vSphere 6.5 apps 5 months. VMware-ESXi-6.5.0-OS-Release-4564106-HPE-650.9.6.0.28-Nov2016-depot.zip 342 MB.
The un-official VMware Reddit. Everything virtual. Have a technical question? Just make a self post! Current Links: General Links: Icons: The VMware logo icon following a username indicates that this user is a VMware employee.
If you are an employee, please PM one of the moderators that has a VMware logo for verification instructions and we will add it to yours as well! Certification Flair: To get flair with your certification level send a picture of your certificate with your Reddit username in the picture to the moderators. Spam Filter: The spam filter can get a bit ahead of itself. If you make a post and then can't find it, it might have been snatched away. Please and we'll pull it back in.
I'm really new to these tools. I've been using Virtualbox to tinker with virtualization on my laptop for a while, but now I want to set up a 'legit' hypervisor to keep learning more. Ultimately I'm only planning on running 5 guests on a single CPU (quad core) system with 16GB RAM.
This is really just for personal tinkering, so I'm not looking for anything crazy performance-wise. I'm exploring ESXi 6 as an option, but I have some questions before I dive in.
1) Is ESXi 6 the right choice for me? I see other alternatives (e.g. Citrix, MS Hyper-V), but it looks like the community around ESXi is more robust, which will be important to me as a new learner. I've looked at feature comparisons, but so far it looks like the major differentiators are beyond what I'll be playing with as a new learner (e.g. I'm not going to be using direct device mapping, live running-VM migrations or anything weird like that; just hosting some pretty standard machines). 2) If ESXi is a good choice, is there any reason not to use the latest (v6 I think)?
Any reason to stay back with v5 for now? (Maybe better support? Maybe v6 has kinks they haven't worked out yet?) 3) From what I have read, I can do this for free if I'm just tinkering at home and not doing anything 'fancy'. The hypervisor itself looks straightforward , I just need to install 'vSphere Hypervisor', right? 4) Where I'm really confused is in the management piece.
I understand that the hypervisor just RUNS the guests, but not much configuration can be done on the hypervisor itself. You apparently need some other 'piece' to do the management (setting up guests and managing their resources). I think this piece is 'vSphere' , but I'm not sure. When I visit that page, I only see 'Try it for free' types of links, and no 'free' version.
But what I've read online has said that you can mange a few servers with limited numbers of CPUs/RAM for free. Is there a 'free' or 'lite' version of vSphere I should be looking for? Do I just install the free trial 'Demo' and keep using it beyond the 60 day trial? If so, I assume some functionality shuts off at 60 days - what do I lose at that point? EDIT: Wow, downvotes.:- Anything I could do to make this post more appropriate for this subreddit? I've been doing my research - just asking for some help from the experts. VSphere refers to the entire suite of VMware software around virtualization.
It's not a single product or download in and of itself. The bare hypervisor you would need first is called 'ESXi' which is currently up to version 6.0. If you are standing up a new environment, there should be no reason not to go with 6.0. VMware is still the biggest player in the virtualization space, so it's definitely a good place to start. The management piece you are probably referencing is called 'vCenter Server' - this can be installed either on a Windows OS or downloaded as a virtual appliance. VCenter requires a license to run for longer than the trial period, where as ESXi can continue to run VMs for free with a limited feature set after the trial period.
In this case, you would connect directly to the host running ESXi using what is called the 'vSphere Client' - you should be able to grab a download for this from your ESXi host. If you go to the main web page for you host once installed there should be some information including a link to download the vSphere Client, which you can then use to login to the host with root and manage it directly. I know VMware's web page can be horribly confusing if you're not sure what all their products are. Hopefully this provides some clarification - just respond again if you get stuck, and good luck with VMware! You do not need vCenter at all, however, it wouldn't hurt at all to grab a download of it to try it out and see how it functions. Again, after the trial period (60 days I think) you won't be able to use it anymore. Though if it's just a lab, reinstall it on a new machine and migrate the ESXi hosts to it.:) vCenter is easy to install as a VM running on the very ESXi host that manages it, so it's not a problem.
I would recommend installing ESXi, grabbing the vSphere Client, and then deploying vCenter to test it out. If you just use the plain vSphere Client, then you will need to manually connect to one ESXi host at a time to manage them individually instead of via vCenter as a central location.
Also note that the vSphere Client is being phased out in favor of the Web Client, which is a built-in component of vCenter. In the new version of vSphere (6.0) there are some features that require the Web Client (and therefore a vCenter install) in order to configure them. It might also help to have a look at this edition comparison for ESXi: The free version will have even fewer features than the Standard edition listed on that page. But that should help you see the difference somewhat. During the free trial period with full features, you can target the things on that page to check out before the trial runs out. Hope this helps. Great idea about installing vCenter on a guest.
Is this sort of VMWare's way of giving home users a 'free' version while turning a blind eye and not offering it officially? Or do you think that's a licensing gap they're eager to plug?
Also note that the vSphere Client is being phased out in favor of the Web Client The words 'being phased out' make me a bit nervous. Is there a reasonable possibility that I'll find myself in a position where I have a handful of VMs, but no way to manage them without shelling out for paid management software? There is no licensing gap there - vCenter is on a trial period without a license, and so is ESXi. Once the vCenter trial runs out, you can't add hosts to it anymore, and any existing hosts will disconnect (though the VMs continue to run).
However, if you reinstall vCenter on a new machine, then you can run it under the trial again for another 60 days. Not recommended for production stuff, but it's an option to run a lab setup. Right now, the line is that the vSphere Client will only be able to manage the features that were available in the older versions of vSphere (5.1 and older, I think). Will they eventually do away with it entirely? Maybe, but I think they will have to come up with some way to manage standalone hosts - people were already throwing a fit about that, and actually made VMware back off of that plan. They were already planning to have it so that you can't do ANYTHING with the vSphere Client on new hosts with VMs past virtual hardware version 8, but people screamed so much that they reverted it so that you can manage version 8 and older features with the vSphere Client. So my expectation would be that there should be a way to manage standalone hosts, even if that is not the vSphere Client in the future.
A couple of additions here: you do not NEED vCenter. It's a good idea, since many of the management features, and the highly toted 'web client' is only available via vCenter; but I understand starting with just the vSphere client direct to an ESXi box. This is a good way to get the basics down. When you do look into vCenter (most people do around the time they add a second host), then look into vMUG Advantage. It's a program specifically to help people who are learning and you can get a yearly subscription at a highly reduced rate, that will give you access to licenses for educational/lab use. For the FREE version of the 'ESXi hypervisor' - you need an account with VMware's website, and you'll be given a free license code for the single-server. The core management is not incredibly different than any type 2 hypervisor, with the obvious exception of logging into the system (need IP, username and password - all of which you set up at the console of the hypervisor).
Once you're in, you can create a new VM, deploy it, power it on and off, and do all the things you would expect from any hypervisor; just the system is actually running on another box. If you're coming at virtualization cold, there are some excellent free options that aren't limited, you get full functionality. XenServer is a fine product too, built on the Xen hypervisor and available to run for free. However, ESXi is probably the premier product in the space in my opinion, rock solid and from an innovator in the field. Essentially, though, you just install the Hypervisor on bare metal, then connect to it via a web browser and you can download a management app, after you set up the basics on the Hypervisor itself. From there, you can just configure etc from the app.
I haven't gotten around to trying the free version of v6, not sure how they manage it for a single hypervisor but probably via the app still. In general, VMware are moving to a HTTP-based management method, but that is (as far as I know) via vCenter Server as part of a full vSphere setup. VCenter Server is a central controlling piece that allows you to run multiple hypervisors as a single cluster. It doesn't come into play for free installs, but is essential once you go to several hosts with basic high availability and shared storage and the like; that would be a licensed setup at that point. But for home use or for cheapo single-hardware installs in a corporate environment you want ESXi and a free license, and then you manage that with a Windows client you can download from the hypervisor itself via HTTP after it is running. VMWARE has a s.tty introduction curve, let me answer you: 1) Is ESXi 6 the right choice for me? There are other hypervisors, but esxi is a solid and easy one.
Avoid Hyper-v if you are into installing non-microsoft OS, they don't have the same love and support. 2) If ESXi is a good choice, is there any reason not to use the latest (v6 I think)? Yeah, why not?:) The only thing that could make you go back to an earlier version is the hardware support. When installing esxi if something is out of support, you will have a warning saying so. Check the compatibility list first if you are using branded hardware: 3) You can do 3 things with licenses: a) Use free esxi license. You can grab one with a free account in vmware.com.
You will have basic usage without all the cool features, but you can create and use vm's basic management. In ESXI 6.0 you can use 2 CPU's with that license, but in.
Posted by on Oct 20 2015 (updated on Feb 3 2016) in. Sorry, this article had to be reworked since originally published, details for the reasons why. If you're building new, you'll certainly want to use the new hypervisor, since the serious NETDEV WATCHDOG issue that sometimes causes ESXi to hang is resolved. This article is about getting the fresh downloads going for your 'greenfield' installs. If you don't have a commercial license, and are instead using a trial, free, or, you won't be able to grab the 6.0 Update 1a ISO directly. Oct 30 2015 Update What I learned today is that you can contact VMware by email at vi-hotline@vmware.com to inquire about obtaining the ESXi 6.0 Update 1a ISO named VMware-VMvisor-Installer-6.0.0.update.x8664.iso they'll open a Service Request (SR#), and may be able to help you with a WebEx and get you that file earlier, much as they did for me, for free, under SR#0.
Or you can wait 60 or more days for VMware to allow anybody with any My VMware acount to access and download this file. I have given VMware constructive and thorough feedback about how silly this is. The old trick of signing up for a new My VMware account under a differerent email address doesn't help for getting 6.0 Update 1a either. I think you opening a ticket via email is likely the best approach, since VMware will then better understand/track the impact of this 60+ day delay.
But if you just want to get your existing 6.0 updated to 1a right now, worry not, got you covered, simply skip to section 1B below. A) Registered commercial license key users can download the 6.0 Update 1a ISO If you do want the ESXi 6.0 Update 1a ISO, and the full vSphere 6.0 U1a with vCenter Server Appliance (VCSA) for the FUN and useful stuff like vMotion, and you have a commercial license, here's the link for all that stuff:. The ESXi 6.0 1a hypervisor file you want: Name: VMware-VMvisor-Installer-6.0.0.update.x8664.iso Release Date: 2015-10-06 Build Number: 3073146 B) EVALExperience/trial/free hypervisor download/apply 6.0 Update 1a patch directly These steps have been tested, and work great in my home lab.
Before you begin, first, you need to review William Lam's: Disclaimer: This method assumes you can install the default ESXi Image Profile with no additional drivers or packages, else you may have connectivity issue after the upgrade. If you still need to customize the ESXi Image Profile before installation, you will still need to use something like Image Builder and then upload that to your online depot.and Andreas Peetz: Important note: Before doing this please check whether you rely on one of the NIC drivers (e.g. Realtek) that were blacklisted in ESXi 6.0. You then need to carry out an additional step before doing the upgrade - see my earlier post (section 2) for details.
For my, I didn't have to worry about VIBs: the stock drivers built into 6.0 are all I need to succeed. Even if I do need AHCI or NVMe VIBs in the future, I can just re-add such VIBs after similar future upgrades.
Open an SSH session (PuTTY) to your ESXi 6.0 (or ESXi 6.0 Update 1) server (if you forgot to enable SSH, ). Put your system into maintenance mode, or ensure you've set your ESXi host to automatically upon host reboot.
Paste the following 2 commands (cut-and-paste one line at a time): esxcli network firewall ruleset set -e true -r httpClient esxcli software profile update -d -p ESXi-6.0.0-1-standard. Type 'reboot' and hit return Here's how my upgrade from build 3029758 to 3073146 looked right after the 5 minute download/patch. And the other two files are the same vSphere 6.0 Update 1 (there is no 1a), and are available to all license types (commercial, EVALExperience, trial, free). VMware-viclient-all-6.0.0-3016447.exe VMware-VCSA-all-6.0.0-3040890.iso. For non-corporate license holders, such as home lab licenses, you may get the following warning when you try to download VCSA from the above download site: You either are not entitled or do not have permissions to download this product.
Esxi 6.5 License Key
Check with your My VMware Super User, Procurement Contact or Administrator. If you recently purchased this product through VMware Store or through a third-party, try downloading later. I have just the for you, right here at TinkerTry! In summary, it explains that you may be able to use the option, followed by the 'View My Evaluations' option. If that doesn't work out because of a 'Your evaluation has expired. 0 days remaining on your evaluation' then don't lose heart, just logoff.
Then under a different, new My VMware account, choosing VMware vSphere.' Now you can VCSA.
Later on, you apply your that's suited for home lab users. I know, it's a mess, I apologize for VMware, even though I have absolutely no authority to do so;-) I'm getting a fairly smooth 75Mbps download speed tonight, to confirm the bits are flowing from Akamai CDN. Drop us a comment below to let us know how your download is going! Happy Tinkering!
It would seem that David Stamen broke the news first, with a simple October 6th tweet: ESXi 6.0 Update 1a Released — David Stamen (@davidstamen) Oct 22 2015 09:45am EDT - My apologies for the errors in my intitial version of this article, the links and screenshots are being fixed, but right now, VMware seems to be having issues with taking new registrations for free trials. I'm unable to download ESXi 6.0 Update 1a myself, even under a brand-new MY VMware account. Oct 26 2015 10:50am EDT - I have been trying every day, with no luck yet. Today, same issue, still can't register for trial/download.
Oct 26 2015 07:00pm EDT - VMware Support is able to replicate the problem, under my Support Request # 0. I am still unable to obtain a ESXi 6.0 Update 1a ISO.
Oct 27 2015 10:50am EDT - I'm seeing a new issue today, pictured below. New message seen when trying to get to My VMware today, Oct 27 2015. Oct 28 2015 9:18pm EDT - VMware has stated they've fixed the server-side issues pictured above. However, they've also verified that EVALExperience license keys cannot be registered, thus, 6.0 Update 1a won't be available as an ISO to download. That's only for Commercial License holders. So installing ESXi 6.0 Update 1 off the ISO is the way to go, upgrading to 6.0 Update 1a later on using the esxcli method I outlined above. I got rather fed up with relying on the mercy of VMware support, to be able to get the ISO of the latest ESXi 6.0 Update 1b.
Heck, you can't even get the latest vSphere Client without a valid licensed copy of VMware, see related TinkerTry visitor willbill comments. So I went and put down my $399 USD for the Acadmic VMware Essentials, described. Oct 29 2015. Jul 29 2015.
Mar 12 2015. Jan 15 2015. Aug 04 2014 More info for those who get the dreaded You either are not entitled or do not have permissions to download this product. Check with your My VMware Super User, Procurement Contact or Administrator. Oct 06 2015 by David Stamen at davidstamen.com.
Sep 14 2015 by Emad Younis at Emad Younis Blog VCSA 6.0 was minus an old friend, the VAMI. VCSA 6.0 U1 the VAMI has returned! Not only is it back, but a with a new look in HTML5. Sep 11 2015 by William Lam at virtuallyGhetto. Disclaimer Emphasis is on home test labs, not production environments.
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